什么是弗雷德里克***艾德斯坦

弗雷德里克·依德斯塔姆(Fredrik Idestam,October 28, 1838, Tyrväntö, Finland- April 8, 1916, Helsinki)是芬兰一名采矿工程师。

弗雷德里克·艾德斯坦25岁时筹划开办一家细磨木浆工厂。这个芬兰人曾在国外学习,并取得了经营许可证。在萨克森州,他熟悉了造纸业的一项新工序,磨木浆技术。他将这项技术带回了芬兰,这个被赋予丰富森林资源和水资源的国度。

弗雷德里克赖因费尔特 什么是弗雷德里克

1865年,诺基亚创始人弗雷德里克·依德斯塔姆(Fredrik Idestam)在芬兰的“诺基亚河”沿岸创建了一家木材纸浆厂,取名诺基亚。诺基亚公司於1865年成立之后,当地人开始更常用诺基亚来指称当时正欣欣向荣的整个工业区。为了表彰当地最大的工业设施和雇主,1937年建立的Pohjois-Pirkkala镇於一年后改名为诺基亚镇。1977年,诺基亚镇又升格为诺基亚市。诺基亚市的市徽上便是一只黑貂爬行於一条蓝溪中。从那以后,诺基亚公司走过了一条漫长的发展道路,不断剥离非核心业务,并于 20世纪90年代做出了以移动通信为核心业务的决定。这一决定成就了全球移动通信的领导者,今天的诺基亚。

Fredrik Idestam

Knut Fredrick Idestam(October 28, 1838, Tyrväntö, Finland– April 8, 1916, Helsinki) was a Finnish mining engineer and busines**an, best known as a founder of Nokia.

In May 1865, Idestam obtained a permit to construct a groundwood paper mill at Tampere, Finland. The mill began operations in 1866. In 1871, Idestam and Leo Mechelin founded Nokia Ltd. and moved the company's operations to the city of Nokia, Finland.

Idestam retired from management of the company in 1896.

弗雷德里克赖因费尔特 什么是弗雷德里克

Fredrik Idestam imported wood-pulping technology from Germany, building Finland's first commercially successful groundwood pulp mill and later chemical pulp and paper mills. The industrial plants which he founded gradually developed into today's Nokia Group. In Idestam's view, the common good of the paper industry required a cessation of export competition. He was a key figure in the establishment of paper producers' associations.

Fredrik Idestam's training was in Mining, in which he held a Master's degree; and, following in his father's footsteps, he planned a career as a civil servant in the Board of Mines of the Grand Duchy of Finland. In 1863- 64, on a Finnish Senate(government) scholarship, Idestam undertook further studies in basic metals in Germany at the School of Mines(Bergakademie) in Freiberg, Saxony. While there, he was appointed as a mining engineer at the Finnish Board of Mines. But as early as the summer of 1864 his career plans changed. On his way through the Harz Mountains on his return trip from Freiberg, he visited a groundwood mill. This was a new invention: a factory which produced raw materal for paper from wood. The process and equipment had been developed by the paper manufacturer Heinrich Voelter. The plant that Idestam saw had already reached the stage where it was capable of commercial production.

The demand for paper was increasing rapidly in the industrialising world- in Europe and North America. But production could not grow, because there was a shortage of the rags used as raw material and there was no way of increasing the supply. Idestam believed that Voelter's solution to the raw-material problem was the correct one. He realised the importance of this innovation for Finland. There was an unlimited supply of raw material in Finland's forests, and amidst the woods were rapids and waterfalls that could provide power for mills. As soon as he returned to Finland he ordered machines designed by Voelter from Germany, and he was granted an operating permit by the Senate on 12 May 1865, the date which today's Nokia group of companies regards as its foundation day. The mill began production beside the lower falls of the Tammerkoski Rapids in Tampere early in 1866.

Idestam was not the first in his field in Finland. The pharmacist Achates Thuneberg had established a groundwood mill near Viipuri in 1860. Thuneberg's plant had been developed in Viipuri- apparently independently of Voelter- and had been built in Finland. But Thuneberg was not successful: his mill was not as good as Voelter's, and the **all-scale venture soon petered out. In contrast, Idestam was successful and attracted compe*****s.

Like Voelter in Germany, Idestam had to market his product energetically. Wood pulp was cheaper than rag pulp, but paper manufacturers and consumers regarded it as an inferior substitute- as'wood rag'. From the Frenckell(rag)paper mill in Tampere, Idestam ordered paper whose fibres consisted of equal parts of rag and his pulp. In December 1866 the Tampereen Sanomat became the first newspaper in Finland to be printed on paper containing wood. The Helsingfors Dagblad in Helsinki soon followed suit. Idestam exhibited his groundwood at the 1867 Paris Exhibition and was awarded a Bronze Medal. This was the decisive breakthrough, as Idestam himself stated later. Voelter's mill received a Gold Medal at the same exhibition. It was only at this point that the world realised the importance of Voelter's process and equipment, and they began to come into more general use.

Idestam's first compe***** in Finland was the Tampere pharmacist Gustaf Adolf Serlachius, who had become familiar with the field as the manager of Idestam's mill, Idestam himself being prevented from running it because of his official post. Serlachius founded a mill at Mänttä in 1868. Tampere lost yet another pharmacist to the paper industry when Edvard Julius Granberg established a groundwood mill and paper mill at Valkeakoski in 1871. In 1868 Idestam built a second mill at Nokia, fifteen kilometres west of Tampere.

A number of groundwood mills were established in Finland in the early 1870s. Finland had been some twenty years behind Sweden and Norway in the sawmill industry, but the wood-pulp industry began at the same time and developed at the same pace in all three Nordic countries. From the early 1870s to the beginning of the First World War, the share of the chemical forest industry in Finland's total exports rose from zero to 20 percent, and at the same time the value of Finland's total exports increased tenfold.

Idestam transformed his firm into a share company in 1871. With his close friend Leo Mechelin, state**an and Finland's most prominent public figure in the late 19th century, he founded Nokia Ltd and transferred all activities to Nokia, where a new mill was built. Idestam's mills and Nokia Manor and its interest in the Nokia Rapids, which had been acquired by Mechelin, were transferred to the new company. Idestam owned well over half the shares in the firm. He resigned from the Board of Mines and his position there as Master of the Mint and devoted himself entirely to managing Nokia Ltd. Mechelin gave him important support by attracting capital investments and funding.

The development of Nokia Ltd proceeded well. Idestam was a cautious business manager, and his financial planning allowed for future bad times. Although Nokia's investments in expanding its production and increasing the degree of processing were large, Idestam, unlike many other pioneers of Finnish industry, coped with the crises that arose, and in the early 1880s three paper machines were built at Nokia, as well as Finland's first sulphite pulp mill in 1885. The first sulphate pulp mill had already been established earlier at Valkeakoski- in 1880. Chemical wood-pulp now replaced cloth-pulp as a raw material for almost all paper qualities. By the late 1880s Nokia was processing all of its groundwood and chemical wood-pulp into paper.

On Idestam's initiative and under his leadership, the paper-industry magnates founded their producers' organisations: a cardboard association in 1874, a pulp association in 1875 and a paper association in 1892. These were cartels used by the Finns to divide up their most important marketing area, the Russian market, and to eliminate mutual competition. Idestam was the general manager and chairman of the Paper Association until 1903. He retired from the management of Nokia in 1896. He was succeeded as general manager by his son-in-law Gustaf Fogelholm and as chairman of the board by Leo Mechelin.

Appendix

Knut Fredrik Idestam, born 28.10.1838 Tyrväntö, died 8.4.1916 Helsinki. Parents: Gustaf Idman(later Idestam when adpoted by his uncle), mining official, and Anna Sofia Trapp. Wife: 1865- 1916 Maria Rosina Krook, died 1925, wife's parents: Major-General Carl August Krook and Hilda Holm. Children: Gertrud(Fogelholm), born 1865, her hu**and: Gustaf Fogelholm, managing director of Nokia; Elna Maria, born 1867; Karin Sofia, born 1869; Walborg, born 1870; Ingrid Elisabeth, born 1872; Martha Johanna, born 1875.

弗雷德里克·迪方多的主要作品简介

Belphégor- Le fantôme du Louvre

编剧: Jean-Paul Salomé

导演: Jean-Paul Salomé主演: Sophie Marceau/ Michel Serrault/弗雷德里克·迪方多Frédéric Diefenthal

制片国家/地区:法国

上映日期: 2001-04-04

语言:法语

又名:罗浮宫传奇/浮宫魅影/ Belphegor, Phantom of the Louvre

本片由亚瑟·贝尔奈德的传奇小说《贝尔斐戈》改编,苏菲·玛索主演,弗雷德里克迪方多饰演修理工马丁。

丽莎与祖母相依为命,居住在卢浮宫的对面。某天,家里突然停电,修理工马丁赶来,很快将故障解决。祖母喜欢上了小伙子,有意撮合一对年轻人,结果,却由于不遵医嘱大量吸食烟酒而猝死。葬礼那天,丽莎的小店被律师通知停业搬迁。倍受打击的她,一个人躲在家里,再次遭遇停电(其实,都是拜鬼魂贝尔斐戈所赐)。在配电间,马丁刚处理好故障,一只家猫便进入了丽莎的视野。他们追踪而去,意外地发现,大厦的修葺工程,不小心将电梯间与博物馆打通了。

被保安人员发现的他们,决定分头逃跑。误打误撞地,丽莎闯入了科学家们研究古埃及木乃伊的实验室,好奇的她,掀开了蒙在干尸头上的白布,结果,手电筒爆碎,从此被鬼魂盯上。于是,每当深夜,便穿上法袍戴着面具在卢浮宫内游荡。深爱着她的马丁,注意到了丽莎的异常举动,开始跟踪并保护她。

终于,某次,卢浮宫请来的保安监察官抓住了丽莎。不信鬼魂的他,觉得是人为的恶行,却没想到悲剧仍旧继续发生。还好,经过马丁和科学家们的共同努力,他们弄清了卢浮魅影的身世。原来,鬼魂贝尔斐戈,生前是一位伟大的预言家,是皇室成员,是被人杀害的。他的陵墓中,即没有护身符,也没有太阳船,根据《亡灵书》的记载,是没办法度过冥河即忘川的。而且,由于刻着名字的戒指丢失,冥神俄赛里斯也找不到他。贝尔斐戈拥有看透人内心的能力,被古埃及人视为魔鬼。

马丁和科学家们,按照贝尔斐戈的意愿,安排了一个复古仪式。在女科学家“太阳神战胜了黑暗将太阳升起,当你睡去时是奈布美斯,你醒来时还是奈布美斯,你…将得到永生…”的祷词中,鬼魂终于离开了饱受折磨的莎丽的躯体,冲出卢浮宫,飞往冥河,同时,附着在古埃及其他艺术品上的亡灵也随之一同离去。

这一切,只有劫后重生的莎丽才能看到。她,露出了神秘的微笑。

导演:杰勒德·皮尔斯 Gérard Pirès

编剧:吕克·贝松 Luc Besson

主演:萨米纳塞利 Samy Naceri/弗雷德里克·迪方多Frédéric Diefenthal

马丽昂·歌迪亚 Marion Cotillard

语言:法语

制片国家/地区:法国

又名:疯狂出租车/出租车司机

丹尼尔(萨米·纳塞利)度过了披萨快递员的最后一天,做起了出租司机。然而在他看来,出租司机并不是他真正的职业,他是名真正的快车手。因为超车被罚,丹尼尔结识了警察艾米(佛瑞德瑞克·迪分索)。艾米考了八次驾照都没通过,工作里捅漏子,情场上没胆量,连烧水都能引起火灾,总之是个把一切都搞砸的笨蛋。

此时艾米正为一伙德国劫匪头疼,丹尼尔为了要回驾照,只好帮艾米调查案件。事实证明他的快车天赋刚好派上用场,劫匪最终被他引入进退两难的陷阱。

“的士速递2”中达尼埃尔依然还开着他那辆魔鬼的士,不过又添装了一些花哨物件,在街头像疯狂老鼠一样横冲直撞。这次,是为了抢救一位临产的孕妇,为了抢时间,他闯入了车赛的路段,甚至将比赛的冠军甩在身后。他及时赶到了医院,孕妇已经情况危急,出于无奈,只好在车内生产,达尼埃尔也因此耽误了同女友莉莉的约会。

埃米利安正在进行第27次驾驶考试,而且再次将车开进了商店,考官已经无法忍受埃米利安的恐怖,决定破例准许通过,并从此离开这是非之地。埃米利安不仅对汽车一窍不通,对柔道课程也力不从心,他只能被贝特拉当作练习的靶子。不久,局长召集所有警员布置任务,他们将为即将来访的日本防卫部长提供安全保护。

马不停蹄的达尼埃尔终于赶到了莉莉家,他见到了莉莉的父亲,一位名声显赫的将军,在一番盘问后,达尼埃尔终于蒙混过关,还取得了莉莉父亲的一丝好感。正当大家谈兴正浓之时,紧急电话结束了午餐。莉莉父亲要赶往机场,迎接日本防卫部长。可当专车刚刚驶出街口,就被一辆疾驰而来的卡车撞坏。于是,达尼埃尔载上了将军,开足马力赶往机场。车速之快,让所有警察目瞪口呆,测速仪上显示出305,接近于飞机起飞的速度。为了赶上已经着陆的飞机,达尼埃尔的标致406伸出了短翼,在短暂的滑翔后,降落在停机坪。

警察局长主持了欢迎仪式,并向日本人展示了一辆经过完全改装的标致406,不但改用12缸引擎,更是刀枪不入,它被用作日本防卫部长的专车。由于车内安全气囊过于敏感,专职司机还未上路便被气囊震晕。在将军的推荐下,达尼埃尔接替了那个倒霉的司机。

在车队行进途中,警察局长安排了一次反恐演戏,在日本人赞不绝口的夸奖中,车队重新启程。孰知风光的背后,一次真正的危险正在前方等待他们。日本黑帮正在码头集结,早就监听了他们的通讯,三辆黑色三菱LancerⅥ从仓库中鱼贯而出,他们的目标就是劫持日本防卫部长。

不久,在某处等待的埃米利安和同伴遭到日本忍者的袭击,贝特拉被劫走。同时,警方的车队逐渐进入陷阱,在短暂的混乱后,日本人阻截了达尼埃尔的车,防卫部长在警察眼皮底下无影无踪。惊惶失措的警察对破案的线索一筹莫展,无奈之下求助于达尼埃尔。达尼埃尔根据轮胎印记确定了匪徒的汽车型号,并推测出隐藏地点。可是当警察赶到仓库,匪徒早就逃之夭夭。

达尼埃尔和埃米利安遇到了一位日本特工,从她的口中得知黑帮的意图,他们必须在国庆阅兵之前赶到巴黎,去解救部长和贝特拉,否则国家元首会有性命之忧。莉莉父亲亲自驾驶运输机,将他们三人连同达尼埃尔的爱车空投在巴黎市区。正当他们刚刚成功营救了部长准备逃脱之时,被黑帮发现,于是,一场惊心动魄的追逐随即上演。尽管达尼埃尔的酷车马力够劲,却仍甩不掉紧追的三辆三菱,情急之下,达尼埃尔求助于莉莉父亲,他调遣了数辆坦克在隧道出口堵截黑帮。

在达尼埃尔成功飞跃了包围圈后,日本黑帮终于落网。不久,达尼埃尔的的士出现在阅兵式的阵容里,他还在想方设法超越前面的战车,而此时,正有人向总统希拉克询问为何出现了一辆的士,希拉克犹豫片刻,然后脱口而出:“这是我们的新型霹雳战车。”

圣诞节期间,一伙盗贼假扮圣诞老人大肆行窃,对此,警察局长吉伯(伯纳尔·法西)决定亲自部署清剿活动,而此时一个混血记者秋(白灵)来到警局采访,时时黏在他身边,处处问寒问暖。

警察艾米(佛瑞德瑞克·迪分索)正为案件烦心,不想女友贝特拉捧着怀孕八个月的肚子驾到。艾米和好友丹尼尔(萨米·纳塞利)在出租车里倾诉一夜,原来丹尼尔的女友莉莉也怀孕了。就在他们决定为了爱情收山归心时,犯罪团伙的马脚露到了他们面前。他们一路追击,不想艾米再次跌入垃圾桶。

艾米被犯罪团伙绑架,再次睁眼时,眼前正是那个美丽的混血记者......

故事围绕由比萨快递员转职为计程车司机的丹尼尔(萨米•纳塞利饰)和英俊但迷糊的马赛警察埃米利安(弗雷德里克•迪方多饰)展开。

丹尼尔驾驶技术高超,他所开的计程车经特别改良,时常在马路上风驰超速,在改装的出租车的帮助下多次协助老出纰漏的马赛警察侦破案件;警察埃米利安是丹尼尔的好朋友,英俊的他有时有点迷糊老干傻事儿。经常需要丹尼尔来帮他收拾烂摊子。

埃米利安和他的马赛警察们接受到了一项重要的任务一一看守被押送过境的比利时籍****头目 24小时。高人但不威猛的马赛警察局长吉贝尔部署下了“天罗地网”,没想到还没出机场就差点把犯人弄丢了,搞得军方大为火光;而埃米利安的美丽动人的辣妹女友蓓塔则接到了另一项卧底任务,两个人刚刚开始的假期又不得不分开……

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弗雷德里克八世是谁丹麦国王弗雷德里克八世的生平简介

弗雷德里克八世(Frederick VIII;全名:克里斯蒂安·弗雷德里克·威廉·卡尔;Christian Frederik Vilhelm Carl;1843年6月3日– 1912年5月14日),是1906年至1912年期间的丹麦国王。

在他于62岁继承王位之前,他已当了42年的丹麦王储。在他的父亲克里斯蒂安九世的长期统治期间,弗雷德里克非常大程度上被排除在政治之外。

1843年6月3日,弗雷德里克在哥本哈根的黄宫出生,是奥尔登堡家族的男系分支石勒苏益格-荷尔斯泰因-宗德堡-格吕克斯堡的王子。石勒苏益格-荷尔斯泰因-宗德堡-格吕克斯堡分支是丹麦国王克里斯蒂安三世的后代,包括他的祖父在内的八代公爵统治著非**的石勒苏益格-荷尔斯泰因公国。弗雷德里克的父亲是石勒苏益格-荷尔斯泰因-宗德堡-格吕克斯堡的克里斯蒂安王子,未来的丹麦国王克里斯蒂安九世,妈妈是黑森-卡塞尔的路易丝公主。

1853年,由于弗雷德里克的妈妈黑森-卡塞尔的路易丝公主是最后一位来自奥尔登堡家族的丹麦国王的近亲(黑森家族中同样拥有丹麦王位继承权的其他家族成员为了支援路易丝和她的丈夫即位放弃了自个的王位继承权),因此,弗雷德里克的父亲被推选为丹麦王位的继承人。于是,1853年,弗雷德里克成为了丹麦王子。

1860年,弗雷德里克受坚信礼后,他接受了军事教育。1863年,弗雷德里克王子被送往牛津大学进修,但是当他的父亲于同年的11月份继承了丹麦王位后,弗雷德里克成为了丹麦王储并且从英国返回了丹麦。作为丹麦的王储,弗雷德里克在丹麦国家委员会中拥有自个的席位,并且还常常协助他的父亲处理国家事务。1864年,弗雷德里克正式加入了反对普鲁士的第二次石勒苏益格战争(即普丹战争)。

弗雷德里克的妈妈路易丝公主希望她长子的婚姻能够像她的两个女儿亚历山德拉公主(亚历山德拉王后)和达格玛公主(玛丽亚·费奥多罗夫娜)一样成功。当时英国的维多利亚女王有两位未婚的女儿,海伦娜公主和路易丝公主,路易丝当时想让弗雷德里克与她们中的一个结婚。然而,英国女王一点也不想让她的女儿嫁给外国的王位继承人,因为这样她的女儿就将被迫生活在国外,因此维多利亚女王在夫婿的选择上首选能够在英国安家的德国王子。此外,维多利亚女王十分亲德,而第二桩丹麦婚姻(弗雷德里克的妹妹亚历山德拉公主已与维多利亚女王的长子威尔士亲王,未来的英王爱德华七世结婚)将不符合她的德国的利益。

1868年7月,弗雷德里克与瑞典国王卡尔十五世年仅17岁的女儿,瑞典的路易丝公主订婚。路易丝公主的家族与拿破仑·波拿巴有姻亲关系。她是自1818年起统治瑞典的贝纳多特家族的成员,瑞典贝纳多特王朝的创立者卡尔十四世·约翰是拿破仑手下的一位将军,他于1810年当选瑞典王储并于1818年继承了瑞典王位。卡尔十四世·约翰的妻子德茜蕾·克拉里过去是法国皇帝拿破仑的未婚妻。卡尔十四世·约翰的儿子瑞典国王奥斯卡一世的妻子是拿破仑的第一任妻子约瑟芬皇后的孙女约瑟芬·博阿尔内。奥斯卡一世与约瑟芬王后是瑞典的路易丝公主的祖父母。

这场婚姻是为了建立丹麦与瑞典之间的友谊,由于在1864年丹麦与普鲁士爆发战争期间,因为瑞典没有援助丹麦,使得两国之间的关系日趋紧张。1862年,弗雷德里克与路易丝第一次见面,但是直到1868年弗雷德里克才被邀请前往瑞典深入了解路易丝。他们的会面很成功,同年,他们便订婚了。路易丝公主是自中世纪以来第一位嫁入丹麦王室的瑞典公主,并且作为新泛斯堪的纳维亚主义的象征,这桩婚事在北欧三国颇受欢迎。

1869年7月28日,弗雷德里克王储与瑞典的路易丝公主在斯德哥尔摩王宫。婚后,这对夫妻居住在哥本哈根的阿美琳堡王宫,并在城市的北部的夏洛滕隆宫度假。他们育有四子四女,他们的婚姻并不幸福,但也没有对这两个国家之间的关系产生任何影响。

当克里斯蒂安九世于1906年1月29日逝世后,弗雷德里克继承了丹麦王位被称为弗雷德里克八世。他当了43年的王储,即位时已62岁了。在非常多方面,弗雷德里克都是一个开明的统治者,相较于他的父亲弗雷德里克更有利于新议会制度的实施。由于他继承王位时年纪非常大,他只拥有几年的时间来展示自个的能力,并且他的健康也非常大的影响到了他才能的发挥。

当他从旅行地尼斯返回的路途中,国王在汉堡短暂停留了一会并且住在汉堡霍夫酒店内。在他于1912年5月14日抵达汉堡的当晚,弗雷德里克(隐姓埋名)在少女堤上散步,然而,弗雷德里克在散步时突然晕倒并且倒在公园的长椅上当场死亡。之后,他被发现他的警察送往哈芬医院,当时便宣布他已死亡。他与丹麦的其他王室成员一起安葬在哥本哈根附近的罗斯基勒大教堂。

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